In all of the situations you mention I have specific agreements with my regular partners, like many players probably do:
transfers: lead director. (if at the two level, invites partner to compete in the suit)
Bergen Raise, Drury: take out of the major.
ssgt, (mini-) splinter excl-RKC: ask for a lead in the highest unbid suit.
negative or waiting 1D/2D: exactly as over 1C/2C, for me the majors.
You can see some guilines here:
1) The higher their bid, the more likely the double is lead-directing.
2) If they use an artificial bid to establish a big fit at a low level, then a double is take-out.
3) Over a splinter-like bid, a double is lead directing, but not for the splinter-suit (that would be silly) but for the highest unbid suit (this is random, I have heard people claim that lowest bid suit is better

).
These guidelines would probably do the job for most of the artificial bids you encounter. Oh, you also need some agreement for 2-suited overcalls (like michaels or UNT).
Please note: I am interested in boring, bog standard, 2/1.
- hrothgar