You have my sympathies... a very, very tough hand. I think that the majority of an expert panel (such as the Bridge World Master Solvers Club) would go with the double. The other choices are pass, hoping for a balance by partner, 3
♣, which is a horrible overbid in terms of the suit and will usually eliminate any chance of finding
♥, unless partner has a decent hand with 5+, or an even worse overbid, in terms of stoppers, points and general hand, of 2N.
I tend to be a chicken on these hands, so I might have passed... it is impossible for me to be objective here since I now know partner's hand. If I did not pass, I would certainly double.
As for reaching 3
♦... partner has the proverbial hand from hell... he has an uglier hand than you do. You might want to consider playing lebensohl here: where 2N by partner would puppet to 3
♣ (you'd bid 3
♣ unless you had a very strong double) and he'd pass or correct, showing (in most sequences) a weak hand. That allows his 3m bid over your double to be constructive. Lebensohl is a powerful technique here, and it is a bit more complex than I have suggested but is worth the trouble. However, it doesn't solve the problem and you'd probably end up in the same filthy spot... just one round later
BTW, your post was fine... but if you want to get an unbiased sampling of the opinions of readers as to what to bid over 2
♠, don't give partner's hand yet.... wait for a couple of days, after which most of those who want to express their view will have done so. There has often been noted, in these posts, the tendency of many to allow knowledge of the actual hand to colour their choice. This is almost unavoidable... but renders the poll unrealistic.
PS I wouldn't criticize partner too strongly for choosing 3
♦. It is certainly true that the odds are that the doubler would be 4=3 in the reds rather than 3=4, but 3
♥ has far more chance (risk) of being raised, whereas 3m usually gets passed unless doubler has a huge hand. I would probably have bid 2N (lebensohl) then 3
♥ as north, but I suspect that 3
♥ is down quite a few from your description of the result in 3
♦. I'd place most of the blame on whoever shuffled the deck
'one of the great markers of the advance of human kindness is the howls you will hear from the Men of God' Johann Hari